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• Cancer Drugs

- T -

• T138067 sodium

A synthetic pentafluorophenylsulfonamide with potential antineoplastic activity. T138067 covalently binds to and selectively modifies the beta 1, beta 2, beta 3, and beta 4 isotypes of beta tubulin at a conserved cysteine residue, resulting in disruption of microtubule polymerization, collapse of the cytoskeleton, an increase in chromosomal ploidy, cell cycle arrest, and tumor cell apoptosis.



• T4N5 liposomal lotion

A topical lotion that contains the enzyme T4-bacteriophage endonuclease V encapsulated within liposomes. With topical liposomal delivery, the DNA repair enzyme T4-bacteriophage endonuclease V is transported into skin cells, where the enzyme enters cell nuclei and binds to and incises pyrimidine dimers, thereby catalyzing the first reaction step of the cellular excision repair pathway for removing DNA replication-inhibiting pyrimidine dimers produced within duplex DNA through exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In vitro and in vivo studies in indicate that T4N5 liposomes increases repair of DNA damage caused by UV irradiation.



• T900607

A pentafluorophenylsulfonamide compound with potential antineoplastic activity. T900607 inhibits tubulin polymerization by binding irreversibly to colchicine binding sites, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.



• Tabloid brand thioguanine

(Other name for: thioguanine)



• TAC-101

A retinobenzoic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. TAC-101 inhibits retinoblastoma-gene product (RB) phosphorylation and increases the presence of 2 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, resulting in cell cycle arrest. This agent also causes a cytotoxic decline in cyclin A and thymidylate synthase expression.



• tacrolimus

A macrolide isolated from the fungus Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus binds to the FKBP-12 protein and forms a complex with calcium-dependent proteins, thereby inhibiting calcineurin phosphatase activity and resulting in decreased cytokine production. This agent exhibits potent immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. Tacrolimus possesses similar immunosuppressive properties to cyclosporine, but is more potent.



• tadalafil

A carboline-based compound with vasodilatory properties. Tadalfil selectively inhibits the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific type 5 phosphodiesterase- (PDE-5)-mediated degradation of cGMP, which is found in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis. Inhibition of cGMP degradation by tadalfil results in prolonged muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and blood engorgement of the corpus cavernosa, and, so, prolonged penile erection.



• talabostat mesylate

The mesylate salt of an orally active small molecule with antineoplastic and hematopoiesis- stimulating activities. By cleaving N-terminal Xaa-Pro or Xaa-Ala residues, talabostat inhibits dipeptidyl peptidases, such as fibroblast activation protein (FAP), resulting in the stimulation of cytokine and chemokine production and specific T-cell immunity and T-cell- dependent activity. This agent may also stimulate the production of colony stimulating factors, such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), resulting in the stimulation of hematopoiesis. Dipeptidyl peptidases are involved in the activation of polypeptide hormones and chemokines.



• talampanel

A synthetic derivative of dioxolo-benzodiazepine with anti-seizure activity. Talampanel noncompetitively binds to the AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) subtype of glutamate excitatory amino acid receptors and may inhibit the growth of gliomas by interfering with neurotransmitters involved in brain tumor growth. This agent may also protect against traumatic brain injury.



• talaporfin sodium

An agent consisting of chlorin e6, derived from chlorophyll, and L-aspartic acid with photosensitizing activity. After intratumoral activation by light emitting diodes, taporfin sodium forms an extended high energy conformational state that generates singlet oxygen, resulting in free radical-mediated cell death.



• talc

Finely-powdered native hydrous magnesium silicate. When administered into the pleural space, talc initiates an inflammatory reaction, resulting in adhesion of the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura and fibrosis, thereby effectively closing the pleural space and preventing further accumulation of fluid. This agent exhibits no intrinsic antineoplastic activity.



• talotrexin

An antimetabolite analog of aminopterin with antineoplastic activity. As a folate antagonist, talotrexin binds to and inhibits the function of dihydrofolate reductase. Hydrosoluble, talotrexin is actively transported into cells by the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and, therefore, is unlikely to be associated with P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance.



• tamoxifen citrate

The citrate salt of an antineoplastic nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Tamoxifen competitively inhibits the binding of estradiol to estrogen receptors, thereby preventing the receptor from binding to the estrogen-response element on DNA. The result is a reduction in DNA synthesis and cellular response to estrogen. In addition, tamoxifen up-regulates the production of transforming growth factor B (TGFb), a factor that inhibits tumor cell growth, and down-regulates insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a factor that stimulates breast cancer cell growth.



• tamsulosin hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt of tamsulosin, a sulfonamide derivative with adrenergic antagonist activity. Tamsulosin selectivity binds to and blocks the activity of alpha1 adrenoreceptors in the human prostate and bladder neck; blockade of these adrenoceptors can cause smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck to relax, resulting in an improvement in urine flow rate.



• tandutinib

A piperazinyl quinazoline receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Tandutinib inhibits the autophosphorylation of FLT3 (FMS-Like Tyrosine kinase-3), c-KIT and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) receptor tyrosine kinases, thereby inhibiting cellular proliferation and inducing apoptosis.



• Tarabine PFS

(Other name for: cytarabine)



• Tarceva

(Other name for: erlotinib hydrochloride)



• Targocid

(Other name for: teicoplanin)



• Targretin

(Other name for: bexarotene)



• tariquidar

An anthranilamide derivative with multidrug resistance properties. Tariquidar non-competitively binds to the p-glycoprotein transporter, thereby inhibiting transmembrane transport of anticancer drugs. Inhibition of transmembrane transport may result in increased intracellular concentrations of an anticancer drug, thereby augmenting its cytotoxicity.



• Tarvacin

(Other name for: chimeric anti-phosphotidylserine monoclonal antibody)



• Tavocept

(Other name for: dimesna)



• Taxol

(Other name for: paclitaxel)



• Taxoprexin

(Other name for: DHA-paclitaxel)



• Taxotere

(Other name for: docetaxel)



• technetium Tc 94m sestamibi

A radioconjugate consisting of sestamibi labeled with the positron-emitting isotope Tc 94m. Sestamibi is a synthetic molecule of the isonitrile family that diffuses through cell membranes and may preferentially accumulate within mitochondria. Technetium Tc 94m sestamibi may be used in tumor-imaging studies utilizing positron emission tomography (PET).



• technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid

A gamma-emitting colloid used in scintillation scanning of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). After intravenous administration, technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid is phagocytized by the reticuloendothelial system and concentrated in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; detection/localization of phagocytized gamma ray-emitting colloid is performed with a gamma-ray scintillation camera. Scintillation scanning using technetium Tc 99m colloid sulfur helps determine the distribution and function of the RES and the extent to which tumor involves the RES. The RES includes cells types that can phagocytize and sequester inert particles and vital dyes; RES cell types include macrophages or macrophage precursors, specialized endothelial cells lining the sinusoids of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and reticular cells of lymphatic tissue and of bone marrow.



• tegafur-uracil

A formulated therapeutic oral agent consisting of a combination of the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) congener prodrug, tetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracil, and uracil (1:4). Because of its higher concentration in the combination, uracil saturates the uracil-reducing enzymatic activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, thereby inhibiting first-pass dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase-mediated hepatic metabolism of the uracil analogue 5-FU and permitting administration of 5-FU as the orally bioavailable prodrug tetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracil. 5-FU inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase, resulting in decreased thymidine synthesis and so reduced DNA synthesis and tumor cell cytotoxicity.



• teicoplanin

A glycopeptide antibiotic complex isolated from the bacterium Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. Teicoplanin inhibits peptidoglycan polymerization, resulting in inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and cell death.



• TELCYTA

(Other name for: TLK286)



• TELINTRA

(Other name for: TLK199)



• telomerase inhibitor GRN163L

A synthetic lipid-conjugated, 13-mer oligonucleotide N3' P5'-thio-phosphoramidate with potential antineoplastic activity. Complementary to the template region of telomerase RNA (hTR), telomerase inhibitor GRN163L as a competitive enzyme inhibitor that binds and blocks the active site of the enzyme (a "telomerase template antagonist"), a mechanism of action which differs from that for the antisense oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of telomerase activity through telomerase mRNA binding. Inhibition of telomerase activity in tumor cells by telomerase inhibitor GRN163L results in telomere shortening, which leads to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis.



• telomerase: 540-548 peptide vaccine

A recombinant peptide consisting of the amino acid residues 540 to 548 of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Telomerase expression has been directly linked to tumor development; its catalytic subunit is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells, but infrequently in normal cells. Vaccination with telomerase:540-548 peptide may stimulate cytotoxic T cells to recognize and kill telomerase-expressing cells.



• temozolomide

A triazene analog of dacarbazine with antineoplastic activity. As a cytotoxic alkylating agent, temozolomide is converted at physiologic pH to the short-lived active compound, monomethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (MTIC). The cytotoxicity of MTIC is due primarily to methylation of DNA at the O6 and N7 positions of guanine, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication. Unlike dacarbazine, which is metabolized to MITC only in the liver, temozolomide is metabolized to MITC at all sites. Temozolomide is administered orally and penetrates well into the central nervous system.



• Tempostatin

(Other name for: halofuginone hydrobromide)



• temsirolimus

An ester analog of rapamycin. Temsirolimus binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression and arresting cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase which plays a role in the PI3K/AKT pathway that is upregulated in some tumors.



• TESPA

(Other name for: thiotepa)



• Testro AQ

(Other name for: therapeutic testosterone)



• tetanus peptide melanoma vaccine

A vaccine consisting of peptides derived from melanoma-associated antigens and a modified T-cell epitope derived from tetanus toxoid. Vaccination with this agent may stimulate a host cytotoxic and helper T-cell response against tumor cells expressing melanoma-associated antigens, resulting in decreased tumor growth.



• tetanus toxoid

A solution of formaldehyde-deactivated toxin isolated from the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus toxoid stimulates the production of antitoxin antibodies. This agent may be used as an adjuvant in cancer vaccines.



• tetanus toxoid helper peptide

Obtained by genetic engineering from the bacterial Clostridium tetani toxoid, tetanus toxoid helper peptide QYIKANSKFIGITEL (amino acids 830-844) binds to class II MHC molecules as a nonspecific vaccine helper epitope (adjuvant) and induces an increased (and long term) immune response by increasing the helper T-cell response.



• tetracycline antibiotic

Any of a group of broad spectrum naphthacene antibiotics isolated from various species of Streptomyces or produced semisynthetically. In bacteria, tetracycline antibiotics block binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.



• tetracycline hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt of tetracycline, a broad-spectrum naphthacene antibiotic, produced semisynthetically from chlortetracycline, an antibiotic isolated from the Streptomyces aureofaciens. In bacteria, tetracycline hydrochloride blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and bacterial cell growth.



• tetrahydrouridine

A synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside analogue with biomodulating activity. Tetrahydrouridine increases the efficacy of the radiosensitizer cytochlor (5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine) by inhibiting the enzyme deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) deaminase and preventing the premature deamination of the cytochlor metabolite 5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine monophosphate (CldCMP) to 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (CldUMP); in turn, this increases tumor concentrations of CldUMP which is then further anabolized and incorporated selectively into tumor DNA as CldU (5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine).



• TGFa-PE38 immunotoxin

A recombinant, chimeric toxin composed of human transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) fused to a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) without its cell-binding domain. The TGF-alpha moiety of the agent attaches to tumor cells expressing the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR); the exotoxin induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis.



• Thalomid

(Other name for: thalidomide)



• therapeutic autologous dendritic cells

A population of a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC), the dendritic cell (DC), harvested from a patient and grown in vitro in the presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) derived from the patient's tumor (a technique known as 'pulsing') and then injected back into the patient; autologous DCs so manipulated may stimulate a specific cell-mediated antitumoral cytotoxicity. DCs derived from a patient may also be fused with the patient's tumor cells in vitro to combine sustained tumor antigen expression with the antigen-presenting and immunostimulatory capacities of DCs; when injected back into the patient, these autologous DC-tumor cell hybrids (fusion cells) may stimulate an active antitumoral immune response.



• therapeutic autologous lymphocytes

A population of lymphocytes isolated from an individual, altered in vitro, and returned to the same individual for therapeutic purposes.



• therapeutic testosterone

A synthetic form of the endogenous androgenic steroid testosterone. Due to rapid metabolism by the liver, therapeutic testosterone is generally administered as an ester derivative. This agent and its derivatives promote the maintenance of male sex characteristics.



• therapeutic triiodothyronine

A therapeutic formulation of the primary physiologically active form of endogenous thyroid hormone. In vivo, triiodothyronine enters the nucleus and binds to nuclear thyroid hormone receptors that subsequently bind to thyroid response elements (TREs) located in target genes. Receptor binding by triiodothyronine in combination with recruited coactivators results in maximal transcriptional activation after binding to TREs; in general, binding of thyroid hormone receptor alone to TREs leads to repression of gene transcription.



• therapeutic tumor infiltrating lymphocytes

A preparation of cells, consisting of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, that are manipulated in vitro and, upon administration in vivo, re-infiltrate the tumor to initiate tumor cell lysis. In vitro, therapeutic tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are isolated from tumor tissue and cultured with lymphokines such as interleukin-2; the therapeutic TILs are then infused into the patient, where, after re-infiltration of the tumor, they may induce lysis of tumor cells and tumor regression. The use of therapeutic TILs is considered a form of adoptive immunotherapy.



• TheraSphere

(Other name for: yttrium Y 90 glass microspheres)



• Thiofozil

(Other name for: thiotepa)



• thioguanine

A synthetic guanosine analogue antimetabolite. Phosphorylated by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, thioguanine incorporates into DNA and RNA, resulting in inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses and cell death. This agent also inhibits glutamine-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase, thereby inhibiting purine synthesis.



• thiotepa

A synthetic alkylating agent. Related to nitrogen mustard, thiotepa alkylates and crosslinks DNA, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication.



• Thymitaq

(Other name for: nolatrexed dihydrochloride)



• Thymoglobulin

(Other name for: anti-thymocyte globulin)



• Thyrogen

(Other name for: recombinant thyrotropin alfa)



• ticilimumab

A human IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the T-cell receptor protein cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4). Ticilimumab binds to CTLA4 and blocks the binding of the antigen-presenting cell ligands B7-1 and B7-2 to CTLA4, resulting in inhibition of B7-CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation; subsequently, B7-1 or B7-2 may interact with another T-cell surface receptor protein, CD28, resulting in a B7-CD28-mediated T-cell activation unopposed by B7-CTLA4-mediated inhibition.



• Tifosyl

(Other name for: thiotepa)



• tin ethyl etiopurpurin

A synthetic purpurin with photosensitizing activity. Tin ethyl etiopurpurin preferentially accumulates in tumor cells due to an increased rate of metabolism. Upon exposure to a light source, this agent absorbs light, forming an extended high energy conformational state that produces high quantum yields of singlet oxygen with local cytotoxic effects.



• tinzaparin sodium

The sodium salt of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) obtained by controlled enzymatic depolymerization of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa with antithrombotic properties. Tinzaparin is a potent of several activated coagulation factors, especially Factors Xa and IIa (thrombin); its primary activity is mediated through the plasma protease inhibitor antithrombin. In addition, this agent may inhibit angiogenesis through: 1) competitive binding of the heparin-binding sites on endothelial cells for the proangiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and beta-fibroblast growth factor (beta-FGF) and 2) increasing the release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), a negative regulator of angiogenesis.



• Tioguanine

(Other name for: thioguanine)



• tipifarnib

A nonpeptidomimetic quinolinone with potential antineoplastic activity. Tipifarnib binds to and inhibits the enzyme farnesyl protein transferase, an enzyme involved in protein processing (farnesylation) for signal transduction. By inhibiting the farnesylation of proteins, this agent prevents the activation of Ras oncogenes, inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis.



• Tirazone

(Other name for: tirapazamine)



• TISSEEL VH

(Other name for: fibrin sealant)



• TLK199

A liposomal small-molecule glutathione analog inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1-1 with hematopoiesis-stimulating activity. After intracellular de-esterification, the active form of TLK199 (TLK117) binds to and inhibits GST P1-1, thereby restoring Jun kinase and MAPK pathway activities and promoting MAPK-mediated cellular proliferation and differentiation pathways. This agent promotes the proliferation and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells, granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes and platelets.



• TLK286

A modified glutathione analog. TLK286 is selectively activated by glutathione S-Transferase P1-1 into an alkylating metabolite which forms covalent linkages with nucleophillic centers in tumor cell DNA, thereby inducing a cellular stress response and cytotoxicity, and decreasing tumor proliferation. S-transferase P1-1 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in many human malignancies.



• TNFerade

(Other name for: adenovirus 5-tumor necrosis factor alpha)



• TNP-470

A synthetic analog of fumagillin, an antibiotic isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus fresenius with antineoplastic activity. TNP-470 binds to and irreversibly inactivates methionine animopeptidase-2 (MetAP2), resulting in endothelial cell cycle arrest late in the G1 phase and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. This agent may also induce the p53 pathway, thereby stimulating the production of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and inhibiting angiogenesis.



• Tocosol Paclitaxel

(Other name for: paclitaxel vitamin E-based emulsion formulation)



• topotecan hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt of a semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata, with antineoplastic activity. During the S phase of the cell cycle, topotecan selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery.



• toremifene

A nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogen. Chemically related to tamoxifen, toremifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). This agent binds competitively to estrogen receptors, thereby interfering with estrogen activity. Toremifene also has intrinsic estrogenic properties, which are manifested according to tissue type or species.



• tositumomab

A murine IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen, found on the surface of B-cells. Tositumomab binds to the CD20 surface membrane antigen, resulting in apoptosis, and may stimulate antitumoral cell-mediated and/or antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.



• TPI 287

A synthetic, third generation taxane with potential antineoplastic activity. TPI 287 binds to tubulin and stabilizes microtubules, resulting in inhibition of microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and apoptosis.



• trabectedin

A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinate. Trabectedin, also known as ecteinascidin 743 (ET743), exhibits potent tumor cytotoxicity by prolonging the G2-M phase of the cell cycle. This agent interacts with the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair machinery to induce lethal DNA strand breaks.



• tranexamic acid

A synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine with antifibrinolytic activity. With strong affinity for the five lysine-binding sites of plasminogen, transexamic acid competitively inhibits the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, resulting in inhibition of fibrinolysis; at higher concentrations, this agent noncompetitively inhibits plasmin. This agent has a longer half-life, is approximately ten times more potent, and is less toxic than aminocaproic acid, which possesses similar mechanisms of action.



• transferrin-CRM107

A synthetic targeted protein toxin which consists of human transferrin (Tf) conjugated to a diphtheria toxin that contains a point mutation (CRM107). After binding to the transferrin receptor expressed on the tumor cell surface, transferrin-CRM107 is internalized, where the diphtheria toxin moiety exerts its cytotoxic effect intracellularly by inhibiting protein synthesis through ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor.



• transgenic lymphocyte immunization vaccine

A vaccine consisting of a preparation of allogeneic lymphocytes that encode a gene for telomerase. In transgenic lymphocyte immunization, the transgenic cells are infused into the patient, where they serve as antigen- presenting cells (APCs) with the dual function of antigen synthesis and presentation. Vaccination produces an immune response targeting cancer cells expressing telomerase.



• TransMID

(Other name for: transferrin-CRM107)



• trastuzumab

A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). After binding to HER2 on the tumor cell surface, trastuzumab induces an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells that overexpress HER2. HER2 is overexpressed by many adenocarcinomas, particularly breast adenocarcinomas.



• Trasylol

(Other name for: aprotinin bovine)



• Traumeel S

Diluted extracts isolated from plants and minerals, including belladonna, arnica, St. Johns wort, and Echinacea. As a homeopathic mouth rinse preparation, Traumeel S exhibits antiinflammatory activity; the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. This agent may reduce the severity and duration of treatment-related stomatitis.



• Trelstar Depot

(Other name for: triptorelin pamoate)



• tretinoin

A naturally-occurring acid of retinol. Tretinoin binds to and activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing changes in gene expression that lead to cell differentiation, decreased cell proliferation, and inhibition of tumorigenesis. This agent also inhibits telomerase, resulting in telomere shortening and eventual apoptosis of some tumor cell types. The oral form of tretinoin has teratogenic and embryotoxic properties.



• tretinoin liposome

An intravenous formulation of tretinoin (vitamin A acid or all-trans retinoic acid) encased in liposomes. Tretinoin is a naturally occurring retinoic acid agent that binds to and activates retinoic acid receptors (RAR), effecting changes in gene expression that lead to cell differentiation, decreased cell proliferation, and inhibition of carcinogenesis. This agent also inhibits telomerase, leading to telomere shortening and eventual apoptosis of certain tumor cell types. Liposome encapsulation extends the half-life of intravenously administered tretinoin.



• TriAb

(Other name for: monoclonal antibody 11D10 anti-idiotype vaccine)



• triacetyluridine

A synthetic uridine pro-drug that is converted to uridine in vivo. Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleotide, has been used in a variety of diseases including depressive disorders and inherited myopathies.



• trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A synthetic combination of two antibacterial agents, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. This synergistic combination, also known as co-trimoxazole, inhibits two sequential steps in the bacterial metabolism of folic acid. Trimethoprim is a pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase; sulfamethoxazole is a sulfamide inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate synthetase.



• trimetrexate glucuronate

A lipid soluble methotrexate derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Trimetrexate glucuronate inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby preventing the synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate, with subsequent inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. Trimetrexate glucuronate also exhibits antiviral activity.



• triptorelin

A synthetic decapeptide agonist analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Possessing greater potency than endogenous LHRH, triptorelin reversibly represses gonadotropin secretion. After chronic, continuous administration, this agent effects sustained decreases in LH and FSH production and testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis. Serum testosterone concentrations may fall to levels typically observed in surgically castrated men.



• triptorelin pamoate

The pamoate salt of triptorelin, a synthetic decapeptide agonist analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Possessing greater potency than endogenous LHRH, triptorelin reversibly represses gonadotropin secretion after prolonged administration. After chronic, continuous administration, a sustained decrease in LH, FSH and testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis is observed. The serum testosterone concentration may fall to levels typically seen in surgically castrated men.



• Trisenox

(Other name for: arsenic trioxide)



• trofosfamide

An orally bioavailable oxazaphosphorine prodrug with antineoplastic activity. Trofosfamide (TFF) is metabolized predominantly to the cyclophosphamide analogue ifosfamide (IFO), which is then metabolized by liver cytochrome P450s to the active isophosphoramide mustard (IPM). IPM alkylates DNA to form DNA-DNA cross-links, which may result in inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, and tumor cell apoptosis.



• tropisetron

An indole derivative with antiemetic activity. As a selective serotonin receptor antagonist, tropisetron competitively blocks the action of serotonin at 5HT3 receptors, resulting in suppression of chemotherapy-and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.



• TroVax

(Other name for: recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara-5T4 vaccine)



• TS-1

(Other name for: S-1)



• tucotuzumab celmoleukin

A recombinant fusion protein comprised of a human monoclonal antibody directed against the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM or KS) linked to an active interleukin-2 (IL2) molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. The humanized monoclonal antibody moiety of tucotuzumab celmoleukin recognizes and binds to EpCAM, a cell surface epithelial protein that is expressed on a wide variety of cancer cells, thereby concentrating IL2 in EpCAM-expressing tumor tissue. Subsequently, the localized IL2 moiety of this fusion protein may stimulate a cytotoxic T-cell antitumor immune response.



• Tykerb

(Other name for: lapatinib ditosylate)



• tyrosinase peptide

One of a number of recombinant peptides consisting of amino acid residues of the enzyme tyrosinase, a protein frequently expressed by melanoma cells. Vaccination with tyrosinase peptide may stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against tyrosinase-expressing tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth.



• tyrosinase-related protein-2

A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to an endogenous non-mutated melanocyte differentiation antigen expressed by both normal and malignant melanocytes. Vaccinations with recombinant tyrosinase-related protein-2 may elicit an antitumoral cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells and some normal cells that express tyrosinase-related protein-2.