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Cancer Drugs

- G -

  • G250 peptide vaccine

  • A cancer vaccine consisting of a synthetic form of the antigen G250, a cell surface tumor-associated antigen found in the majority of renal cell carcinomas, with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with G250 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the G250 antigen, resulting in decreased tumor growth.

  • gabapentin

  • A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties.

  • gadopentetate dimeglumine

  • A gadolinium complex of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid with ionic paramagnetic properties. Gadopentetate dimeglumine may provide contrast enhancement during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of intracranial lesions with abnormal vascularity or of abnormalities in the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

  • galiximab

  • A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against CD80, the natural ligand for the T-cell antigen CD28 which mediates T-cell and B-cell adhesion. CD80 is expressed on activated B-cells and gamma-interferon-stimulated monocytes and is often expressed at low levels on the surfaces of follicular lymphoma cells and other lymphoid malignancies. IDEC-114 monoclonal antibody binds to CD80 expressed on the cell surfaces of follicular lymphomas, resulting in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

  • Gamimune N

  • (Other name for: immune globulin)

  • Gammacorten

  • (Other name for: dexamethasone)

  • Gammar-P

  • (Other name for: immune globulin)

  • ganciclovir

  • A synthetic guanine derivative with antiviral activity. As the active metabolite of ganciclovir, ganciclovir-5-triphosphate (ganciclovir-TP) appears to inhibit viral DNA synthesis by competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerases and incorporation into viral DNA, resulting in eventual termination of viral DNA elongation.

  • Gardasil

  • (Other name for: quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine)

  • GarliPure Maximum Allicin

  • (Other name for: garlic)

  • gefitinib

  • An anilinoquinazoline with antineoplastic activity. Gefitinib inhibits the catalytic activity of numerous tyrosine kinases including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which may result in inhibition of tyrosine kinase-dependent tumor growth. Specifically, this agent competes with the binding of ATP to the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR, thereby inhibiting receptor autophosphorylation and resulting in inhibition of signal transduction. Gefitinib may also induce cell cycle arrest and inhibit angiogenesis.

  • Gelfoam

  • (Other name for: gelatin sponge (absorbable))

  • GEM640

  • (Other name for: AEG35156)

  • gemcitabine hydrochloride

  • The hydrochloride salt of an analogue of the antimetabolite nucleoside deoxycytidine with antineoplastic activity. Gemcitabine is converted intracellularly to the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and triphosphate (dFdCDP, dFdCTP). dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in DNA strand termination and apoptosis.

  • gemtuzumab ozogamicin

  • A recombinant, humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody attached to the cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic calicheamicin. In this conjugate, the antibody binds to and is internalized by tumor cells expressing CD33 antigen (a sialic acid-dependent glycoprotein commonly found on the surface of leukemic blasts), thereby delivering the attached calicheamicin to CD33-expressing tumor cells. Calicheamicin binds to the minor groove of DNA, causing double strand DNA breaks and resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis.

  • Gemzar

  • (Other name for: gemcitabine hydrochloride)

  • Genasense

  • (Other name for: oblimersen)

  • Genexol-PM

  • (Other name for: paclitaxel-loaded polymeric micelle)

  • genistein

  • A soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antineoplastic activity. Genistein binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. Genistein exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities.

  • Genotropin

  • (Other name for: recombinant human growth hormone)

  • Geritol

  • (Other name for: multivitamin)

  • ginger

  • A rhizome herb isolated from the plant Zingiber officinale with potential antineoplastic activity. Ginger contains a number of different phenolic compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This agent also exhibits antiemetic properties.

  • Girostan

  • (Other name for: thiotepa)

  • Gleevec

  • (Other name for: imatinib mesylate)

  • Gliadel wafer

  • (Other name for: polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant)

  • Globo-H-GM2-Lewis-y-MUC1-32(aa)-sTn(c)-TF(c)-Tn(c)-KLH conjugate vaccine

  • A heptavalent vaccine consisting of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens globohexaosylceramide (globo-H), GM2, Lewis-y, MUC1-32(aa), sTn(c), TF(c), and Tn(c) conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), an immunomodulator. This vaccine may induce the production of IgG and IgM antibodies and an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumors expressing these antigens.

  • glutamine

  • A nonessential amino acid. Glutamine can donate the ammonia on its side chain to the formation of urea (for eventual excretion by the kidneys) and to purines (necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids). Glutamic acid-to-glutamine conversion, in which an ammonia group is added to glutamic acid (catalyzed by glutamine synthase), is of central importance in the regulation of toxic levels of ammonia in the body. This agent is a substrate for the production of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA) and is also an important source of energy for the nervous system. Glutamine may become a conditionally essential amino acid during certain catabolic states.

  • Glutathione Disulfide

  • A tripeptide comprised of three amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine) present in most mammalian tissue. Glutathione acts as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger and as a detoxifying agent. Glutathione is also important as a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, in the uptake of amino acids and participates in leukotriene synthesis. Under the influence of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione can react with a number of harmful products, such as halides, epoxides and free radicals, to form harmless inactive products. In erythrocytes, these reactions prevent oxidative damage by reduction of methemoglobin and peroxides. Glutathione is also involved in the formation and maintenance of disulfide bonds in proteins and in transport of amino acids across cell membranes.

  • glycopeptide antibiotic

  • One of a class of antibiotics originally isolated from plant and soil bacteria with structures containing either a glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptide. These antibiotics inhibit the cell wall structure of susceptible organisms (principally Gram-positive cocci) by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. First-generation glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, and ramoplanin; second-generation semi-synthetic glycopeptide antibiotics include oritavancin, dalbavancin, and telavancin.

  • GM.CD40L cell vaccine

  • A cell-based vaccine composed of irradiated tumor cells transduced with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CD40-ligand (CD40L) genes. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate an anti-tumoral dendritic cell-mediated host immune response.

  • GM2-KLH vaccine

  • A cancer vaccine consisting of GM2 ganglioside, a melanoma-specific antigen, conjugated with the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Vaccination with GM2-KLH vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against GM2 ganglioside-expressing melanoma cells, resulting in tumor growth inhibition.

  • GM-CSF-encoding oncolytic herpes simplex virus

  • An oncolytic, recombinant herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV) encoding thuman cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential antitumor and immunostimulating properties. Upon administration, GM-CSF-encoding oncolytic HSV selectively infects and replicates in tumor cells, thereby inducing tumor cell lysis. In addition, expressed GM-CSF may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells, resulting in immune-mediated tumor cell death in addition to HSV-mediated oncolytic tumor cell death.

  • GM-K562 cell vaccine

  • A cell-based vaccine comprised of K562 cells transfected with the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene with potential immunopotentiating properties. Vaccination with GM-K562 cells may stimulate the host immune system to produce an antitumoral T-lymphocyte response, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. K562 cells are derived from the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. GM-CSF (also known as sagramostim) expressed by vaccine cells binds to specific cell surface receptors, modulating the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production. GM-CSF also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function; it may also augment host antitumoral immunity.

  • goldenrod

  • A group of North American weedy herbs belonging to the genus Solidago (family Asteraceae) with potential chemopreventive activities. Goldenrod may also possess anti-inflammatory, antiseptic properties, diuretic and antifungal properties, and may relieve chemotherapy-induced side-effects.

  • goserelin

  • A synthetic decapeptide analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) with antineoplastic activity. Goserelin binds to and activates pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Prolonged administration of goserelin inhibits the secretion of pituitary gonadotropin, thereby decreasing levels of testosterone (in males) and estradiol (in females). Administration of this agent in a depot formulation may result in the regression of sex hormone-sensitive tumors and a reduction in sex organ size and function.

  • gossypol

  • An orally-active polyphenolic aldehyde with potential antineoplastic activity. Derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, gossypol induces cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis. This agent also inhibits cell-signaling enzymes, resulting in inhibition of cell growth, and may act as a male contraceptive.

  • gp100 antigen

  • A melanoma-associated antigen. When administered in a vaccine formulation, gp100 antigen may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell HLA-A2.1-restricted immune response against tumors that express this antigen, which may result in a reduction in tumor size.

  • gp100:209-217(210M) peptide vaccine

  • A synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 209 through 217 of the glycoprotein 100 (gp100) melanoma antigen, with a methionine substitution at position 210 designed to improve immunogenicity. Vaccination with gp100:209-217(210M) peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing gp100.

  • gp100:280-288(288V) peptide vaccine

  • A peptide vaccine consisting of the amino acids 280 through 288 of the melanoma antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp100) with potential antineoplastic activity. gp100:280-288(288V) peptide has a valine substitution at amino acid position 288 to improve immunogenicity. Vaccination with gp100:280-288(288V) peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the gp100 antigen, resulting in decreased tumor growth.

  • gp100-fowlpox vaccine

  • A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding the melanoma antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp 100) with potential antineoplastic activity. The expression of gp100 may generate a cellular immune response to melanoma cells; this effect is enhanced by the co-administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2).

  • gp96 heat shock protein-peptide complex

  • An autologous cancer vaccine derived from tumor-specific gp96 heat shock proteins. Heat shock proteins chaperone peptides through the endoplasmic reticulum, are key regulators of dendritic cell maturation, migration and antigen processing, and are involved in T-cell activation.

  • gp96-Ig fusion protein-expressing non-small cell lung cancer cell vaccine

  • A cancer vaccine consisting of irradiated non-small cell lung cancer cells, manipulated to express and secrete heat shock protein gp96-Ig fusion protein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with gp96-Ig fusion protein-expressing non-small cell lung cancer cell vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T cell response against non-small lung cancer cells. Monomorphic heat shock protein gp96 participates in the major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation pathway.

  • granisetron hydrochloride

  • The hydrochloride salt of an indazole derivative with antiemetic properties. As a selective serotonin receptor antagonist, granisetron competitively blocks the action of serotonin at 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptors, resulting in the suppression of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

  • green tea extract

  • A defined, decaffeinated green tea polyphenol mixture isolated from Camellia sinensis, a plant native to Asia, with antiviral and antioxidant activities and potential chemopreventive activity. Green tea extract contains antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids, vitamins and polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which may have antineoplastic properties. Consumption of green tea extract may confer chemopreventive protection against various cancers including those of the prostate, stomach, and esophagus.

  • GTI-2040

  • A 20-mer antisense oligonucleotide complementary to a coding region in the mRNA of the R2 small subunit component of human ribonucleotide reductase. GTI-2040 decreases mRNA and protein levels of R2 in vitro and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in human tumors in vivo.

  • GVAX lung cancer vaccine

  • An autologous lung cancer vaccine consisting of patient-specific lung cancer cells genetically modified to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), an immunostimulatory cytokine. GM-CSF modulates the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production and may reverse treatment-induced neutropenias. This agent also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function and may augment host antitumoral immunity. For safety, cells are irradiated prior to vaccination.


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Cancer Drugs


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